According to databooks and official sources characters move at the speed of light since the beginning of dragon ball they kept evolving to the point that moving faster than light is nothing to them. The characters not only use light to disorient their enemies but also use it as a lethal weapon precisely because light-based attacks are so fast that they make attacks almost impossible to dodge.
Manga
Goku vs Tenshinhan chapter 178.
DBS
DBS Official Website
Weekly Shonen Jump
Dragon Ball Super: Broly” Theatrical Program Tatsuya Nagamine Interview
Newtype (magazine)
Dragon Ball: Adventure Special interview
Akira Toriyama Dragon Ball Tankōbon interview
Dragon Ball Forever Databook:
DBGT Perfect Files
Daizenshuu:
El manga Legendario Dragon Ball
Dragon Ball Kai Official Website
https://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/dragon_kai_2009/episode/list/
As you can see several official sources describe the character's energy beams as literally beams of light that are so fast that they could be used either to destroy their opponents, or to destroy planets as well as the characters can use the light for other purposes. As you can see the moon was indeed destroyed by Roshi and Akira confirmed this, as well as the distance from the moon to earth is the same as our universe, which implies many things that the characters' energy beams are not only fast, but the characters are also able to avoid them and even block these destructive beams.
Now you must be wondering what are Light Bullets really about?
In fiction it is known as a sub-power of light manipulation where the light is used as a weapon and several characters use the light both as destructive lasers and as a way to increase their agility, we have several examples of powerful characters like Carol Danvers, Monica Rambeau, Sentry,Kizaru... I just wanted to point out that although the dragon ball characters have a preference to use light in their attacks as lasers, in reality this is only a projection of the Ki, since the characters can use Ki to project elements, use psychic powers, create ghosts... and do you know what Akira said about Ki? He said that Ki is invisible, which means again that Ki is used as a fuel and doesn't really have a true form and it is the user who will define in what way he will use the Ki.
Now what are Light Bullets in science? And how fast are they in real life?
Light bullets are the quanta of the electromagnetic (EM) field and are known as photons.
The Light as an electromagnetic pulse is considered a weapon of mass destruction.
An EMP can span a continent-sized area, and can affect systems on air, land and in water.
An EMP lasts for only 1 nanosecond.
An EMP radiates at 50 km/v, which is at the speed of light.
Curiosity there is a study on Light Bullets to discover we can control the speed of light.
In their previous study (Scientific Reports, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68478-1), this group found that by deforming the pulse-front of optical pulses and keeping the phase-front unchanged, the velocity and the acceleration of the generated flying Bessel-Gaussian (diffraction- and dispersion-free) light bullets can be controlled.
"However, the problem is that only one determined motion form, for example, superluminal or subluminal for velocity and accelerating or decelerating for acceleration, can be achieved in a single propagation path," explains corresponding author Zhaoyang Li.
In this newly improved method, by using the combination of a deformable mirror and a spatial light modulator, the pulse-front of optical pulses can be arbitrarily deformed, which results in light bullets with arbitrarily-variable velocities (and accelerations) during a single propagation path; e.g., subluminal followed by superluminal and/or accelerating followed by decelerating.
"This non-diffraction light bullet with nearly-programmable flying velocities may bring new opportunities in a wide range of applications, such as free-space communication, bio-imaging, optical detection and processing, particle acceleration and manipulation, radiation generation, among others,"
Sources:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/12/201214090147.htm
https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/extreme-battle-collection-round-02-toriyama-qa/
https://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/dragon_kai_2009/episode/list/
https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/dbs-broly-theatrical-program-tatsuya-nagamine/?fbclid=IwAR3kDCCN-MTLX8MQr5a50vWWJsCwm-7hAM0jFldIE0gcaHpEJkKYEX1kqR0.
https://www.kanzenshuu.com/manga/tankobon/vol-09/.
https://twitter.com/Herms98/status/916437529913462785?s=19&fbclid=IwAR1Stf3TxpXDXVKc1-gltVvxVwj1bQU3DQNN1qZ6OhEqb1E2QIz_3UfsyNc
https://twitter.com/Herms98/status/894249353937801216
https://twitter.com/Terez27/status/946607592343851009
https://twitter.com/Terez27/status/951758435783270400
https://twitter.com/Herms98/status/792901812990808065
https://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/dragon_s/chara/chapter4/no11.html
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