Dragonball Universe standardised feats list.

As everyone who watches Dragonball is well aware, the franchise is FULL of inconsistency and almost completely void of measurable feats. This leaves the powers and abilities of the characters extremely wide-open for debate and makes debating almost a waste of time, especially when it comes to pitting a Dragonball character against a non-Dragonball character for fun. But as everyone who visits Comicvine is aware, pitting characters from different worlds against each other is an interesting, and enjoyable thing to do.

So with that in mind, I would like to have a thread with thought through ideas, using evidence and reason and create a list of stats and feats that can be agreed upon by the community by vote or other means such as resolution through discussion, that will be pinned at the top of this forum for reference in battle threads and other things as a basis for debate, so that no longer will every thread that pits DB characters against others descend into some form of chaotic bigotry by fanboys.

Every topic has a list of posts the topic was discussed in. Please refer to those posts if you have an issue or disagreement as the issue you have may been resolved in those discussions.

Claims made by characters about themselves are often over-claimed, inaccurate or left unproven. Should the claim later be shown to be true, such as through action, the action is cited to serve as the evidence, not the claim. A good example of a self claim later being shown to be true is when Frieza claimed he wasn't even using half of his power and Goku said he was bluffing.

Claims made by characters about other characters, however, are really a kind of witness testimony, preferably backed up by other sources, such as actions, but are generally accepted as evidence by themselves to support an argument if no other evidence on the issue exists. And example would be when Whis explained that if Zeno wanted to, he could wipe out the Multiverse. Future Zeno later did wipe out the Multiverse. We know he did because in the Japanese version of the show, Zeno used the world "Sekai" to describe what he was going to destroy. They only use that word to describe the Multiverse. When describing just one Universe, the Japanese use the word "uchuu". The complexities are gone into here:

http://comicvine.gamespot.com/dragon-ball-universe/4015-56629/forums/the-dragon-ball-super-discussion-thread-1689140/?page=106#js-message-17793221

A great example of self-proclamation and witness testimony being false is when Burter claimed to be the fastest in the Universe, something that was also stated by Captain Ginyu. But not only was Burter NOT the fastest in the Universe, or anything close to it, but Ginyu himself was faster. He knowingly lied to others and Burter himself about Burters speed. But they aren't the only ones to make false claims about their own or anothers power.

What this proves is that one character making a claim about themselves or another character CAN be false, and so should be considered with at least some suspicion.

It is said by many that the Dragonball Universe is very much smaller than the real Universe. This is on the grounds that Snake Way is 1,000,000 km long, and on the following officially released picture:

The argument is that King Yemma's (Emma-Daioh's) Palace is the centre of Otherworld, that Snake Way represents the radius of Otherworld and that Otherworld and The Universe are the same size. Therefore the Dragonball Universe is smaller than our Solar System.

The argument against this is that the planet that Dragonball mainly takes place on is Earth, that Earth has (had) a moon, and a Sun, that there are other stars in the night sky, and that the Milky Way is directly referenced. This picture itself is no more than figurative and is meant only as a means of relative positioning throughout the universe. Something similar to Yggdrasil, the World Tree in Norse mythology.

In a more modern and every day setting, these 'maps' are more akin to Harry Beck's topological map that simplified the layout of the London Underground metro system, which contains the right elements but is distorted to make for easier understanding because the centre was far too dense.

The Dragonball Universe IS the size of our own and contains many of the same structures, although different in nature. Otherworld (the Cosmos) is not the same size as the Universe, but that it is akin to an inverse T.A.R.D.I.S. (Time And Relative Dimensions In Space) in which a small space becomes large. I believe that in the case of Otherworld, it is a large space become small.

This would make sense that the Gods could oversee the entire Universe while covering a relatively very small distance. Also, the diagram shows only a relative positioning of things. If it were to scale, King Kai's (Kaioh's) planet would not be seen, and Earth should be visible, and the Sun, which is 14x the distance of Snake Way from side to side, could not fit in the picture at all.

SPACE TRAVEL

On this basis, I also contend that the space ships used in Dragonball, though not explicitly stated, are capable of Warp Speed / Hyperspeed / Faster Than Light travel. I dont see as how this is a stretch since many fictions have these kinds of technologies, and given that the Dragonball Earth has chambers that can produce gravity fields, hover-cars, and TARDIS-like capsules, it makes a lot of sense that the Dragonball Earth is far more advanced than ours. What's more, in the English dub of DBZ at least Goku describes travelling lightyears across space when escaping the destruction of the Planet Namek.

KI POWER vs KI STRENGTH & SPEED

I believe in all of Dragonball, the weakest person to destroy a celestial body was Piccolo with a Power Level of 408 [DB #199]. Master Roshi did also destroy the Moon and at normal power is said to have a Power Level of 139 [DB #209], but when he destroy the moon he was in Buff mode where his power was increased, but it is unclear by how much his power was increased. Due to the events in Dragonball Super, Master Roshi may have increased his power up to and including 1,390 as this is the lowest common Power Level of Frieza's soldiers, including Raditz and the Saibamen. So I choose Piccolo, who's power does not exceed 408. He didn't struggle, nor did he have to build up his power like with a Special Beam Cannon, but he was a little desperate and probably put all of his power in it. So you would say that at Power Level 408 (according to Raditz scouter), Piccolo could vaporise the moon, but it was on the higher end of his capability.

On another part of the scale, Frieza destroyed the Planet Vegeta in his base form (PL 530,000) which had a gravity 10x that of Earth and from there came to have a PL of at least 120,000,000 in his Final Form which Goku beat with 150,000,000. The series then goes on to have a much stronger Super Perfect Cell claim he could destroy the Solar System and from there Old Kai claim Buu threatens the Universe and Beerus and Goku together can create an energy bomb capable of Destroying the Universe. But when you compare these massively destructive feats against the characters speed and strength, the difference is enormous. Ki is far, far greater as a destructive or defensive tool than it is to help with lifting and moving, as the following calculated feats will show.

From this point on we should consider;

According to Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide 2009, Goku weighs 62kg. Goku uses his bodyweight to train under 100x Earths gravity [DB #270] and does so with ease even when lifting his own weight in a one-arm handstand.

Again, according to Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide 2009, Vegeta weighs 56kg. He uses his bodyweight to train in a gravity chamber a few times. He demands Dr Briefs makes a Gravity machine that can achieve 300x Earths gravity because he wanted to triple what Goku did [DB #336], on the run up to the arrival of the Androids. The manga never shows Vegeta training in this Gravity chamber, but the anime does [DBZ Ep 124] in it Vegeta is able to fly with relative ease in 300x gravity:

Although Vegeta isn't shown to use the chamber at 300G in the manga, he is shown to be using the chamber. Given that Goku managed to achieve 100G in 4 days, there no reason not to believe Vegeta could achieve 300G in a year.

In the Dragonball Z anime (not manga) Vegeta trains at 400x Earths Gravity and manages one arm vertical pushups, and later trains at 450G in base with a high degree of speed and agility.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIp_GtmDyDI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzBtWpZKgHI

Again, Vegeta weighs 56kg in Earths Gravity. These videos show that:

When Goku trained in otherworld in preparation for the World Tournament [DB #429] because he had been given permission to return to Earth for one day, he initially did so in base form with wrist and ankle weights of total of 2 tonnes, provided by King Kai.

The material the weights are made with is a deep red colour and is extremely dense, but South Kai goes to make them heavier still, up to 10 tons each, but Goku says it's impossible, but I think that's down to Goku not really knowing how much 10 tons would weigh.

When the South Kai increases the weight, the weights themselves grow in size and Goku remains floating in the air, but the weight drags Goku's limbs towards the ground and stretches them. Goku doesn't fall, but he can't lift the weight either. He has the power to remain flying, but not to lift his limbs. This 40 tons is at the very edge of Goku's limit in his base form, which he overcomes by turning Super Saiyan.

As you can see, the wrist and ankle weights change from being smaller and padded looking to large and solid. The manga shows this change much better than the anime, though the anime does still display a change.

The anime shows that Goku performs this training on Grand Kai's planet, a planet specifically used for training righteous martial artists, like King Kai's planet. Because of this, an argument could be made for Goku performing this in 10x Earths gravity, but there is no evidence in the manga of 10x gravity. There it, however, evidence that wherever Goku is training in the manga has higher gravity than that of Earth. This is due to the rock Goku dragged out of the ground when on the Sacred World of the Kai which on having ordinary rock density of that on Earth would have weighed more than 40 metric tonnes and Goku handled it with relative ease. This find was down to @firestorm808.

It's not immediately obvious why lifting a rock is important since Goku and others have lifted a bunch, but in the directly preceding feet that takes place in the Buu Saga, the maximum provable weight Goku could carry was 40 metric Tonnes. Many have thought that Goku was training in higher than Earth gravity such as King Kai's planet at 10G's, but Goku is not weight training on King Kai's planet, and while the anime suggests this is Grand Kai's planet he trains on, there is no Grand Kai in the manga and no evidence that Goku is in anything other than 1G gravity.

This rock though, is from the Sacred World of the Kai and Goku plucks it directly out of the ground and importantly, because Mr Satan (Hercule) ends up there along with Buu's dog, Bee, we know that the SWotK has similar gravity to Earth. It's fair to assume at this point that SWotK has exactly the same gravity as Earth in fact, because planets in Dragonball have only ever been stated to have the same gravity as Earth, or 10x the Gravity of Earth, never anything else.

So with that in mind, assuming the rock has the same mean density as surface rocks on Earth (2,400kg/m^3)...

HOW MUCH DOES THE ROCK WEIGH?

MANGA

There are a couple of methods of gaining Goku's height for comparison, but the difference between them is negligible so I will use the very slightly taller version to be on the safe side.

The rock Goku lifts in the anime is an Oblate Spheroid, or Ellipsoid, so using the equation 4/3 * pi * abc where a, b and c are the different radii on the 3 axes and assuming the boulder is as deep as it is wide, the volume of the rock is 4.8034m^3.

If the rock has an average density similar to that of rocks on Earth of 2.4 tonnes per cubic meter, this means the Rock that Goku casually lifted above his head has a mass of 11.528 metric tonnes.

Conclusion

While Goku lifts the rock, it does not look overly easy for him, he's not struggling but he's still putting in effort.

If 11.528 tonnes is 28.8% of Goku's maximal weight carry, I would expect Goku to look like he is. As far as the manga is concerned, this confirms the 40 tonne feat above.

ANIME

Given that Goku's height is 1.75m, the boulder would have a radius of 1.858m. Taking this radius and knowing the rock is nearly spherical with some rough edges, this equates to a reasonably accurate volume of 26.867m^3.

If the rock has an average density similar to that of rocks on Earth of 2.4 tonnes per cubic meter, this means the Rock that Goku casually lifted above his head has a mass of 64.482 metric tonnes.

Conclusion

The fact Goku lifted a 64.5 tonne rock out of the ground ready to throw at Gohan fairly easily, pretty much debunks Goku having a maximal carrying weight of only 40 metric tonnes.

-------------------

It's well known that the manga and the anime have different feats, but this was interesting because it's the same feat in each, but one is substantially different than the other. In the manga, it more of less confirms that 40 tonnes is Goku's limit in base form. In the anime, it more or less confirms that Grand Kai's planet has a gravity similar to that of King Kai's - a likely 10G's.

While Part 1 of this calculation shows consistency to the 40T feet in the manga and shows that Grand Kai's planet is likely 10Gs just like King Kai's planet, there is something more to this than simply lifting up a rock. The 40T and 11.5T feats may be consistent with each other, but they are not consistent with the very definite feat back in the Ginyu Saga when Goku was casually knocking out one-armed vertical pushups in 100Gs, an Earth equivalent to 6.2 metric Tonnes with one arm, meaning that when Goku have a Power Level of 90,000, several years of training and fighting before Buu, Goku was lifting weights heavier than 11.5T like it was nothing. So it's clear that 11.5T is too low a figure to put on the feat.

There is only one way to estimate the true mass of the rock that Goku was lifting and thats by knowing it's density, and to do that, you have to acknowledge that the Sacred World of the Kai's isn't the size of Earth.

Size of the Sacred World of the Kai

There are two ways in which to estimate the size of a planet or celestial body without seeing the whole thing. If the landscape is fairly flat, you can estimate the distance to the horizon if you know one measurable height or width on it. The smaller that distance, the smaller the planet. The problem with the Sacred World of the Kai, is it'ss surface is covered in hills and small cliffs that hide the horizon and make it difficult to determine in this way. The second method is to have one known measurable quantity on the horizon and the viewing angle be high enough altitude you can see the curvature of the planet.

In all of pre-Super Dragonball, there is only one single panel drawn of the SWotK from an elevated enough view that shows the slight arc of the horizon. This one:

But how do we know that this isn't just showing a picture of a hill giving the false impression of curvature? Because the same part of the landscape from viewed from a very similar angle but from the ground shows the landscape to be flat.

THE ARC

Zooming in so it's easier to see, the general arc of the landscape can plotted while taking care to account for the rock formations of the land.

The panel shows the arc to have a chord of 330px and a height of 15px. That enables us to get an overall picture of the size of the SWotK with the equation

W is the length of the chord defining the base of the arc

H is the height measured at the midpoint of the arc's base.

THE SCALE

But in order to determine what size those pixel represent, we need to scale them against something with a known size, and that, is the Goku. This is where the margin of error lies, in that we are essentially scaling the size of entire planet against that of a man, but it's the best we've got.

Because Goku has a known height of 1.75m [Dragonball: Super Exciting Guide 2009] we can determine the overall size of the Spirit Bomb once it was complete, just before it was thrown at Buu.

The most face-on view of the gouge that also has notable landscape features can be found at the end of Chapter 516, just after Buu has been destroyed. It will help us relate the size of the Spirit Bomb to distances in the landscape itself.

I use the above panel as a reference because it contains a rock formation that is also shown in the panel showing the curvature of the SWotK. From it, we can calculate the true value of the 330px chord and the 15px height of the known arc.

Knowing the chord of the arc is truly 211.301m, the height of the arc is 9.605m (not calculate on picture to save congestion) and using the same equation used earlier again that means the Sacred World of the Kai has a radius of 585.856m.

What the height of the arc is, however, could be up for debate, as it could be argued it's just a hill (even though it isn't because other pictures show it to be flat, but the arc from which all else is calculated doesn't account from the right-most part of the horizon. So with that in mind, here is an arc adjusted to suit:

While with this new arc, the chord of the arc remains the same at 211.301m, the height shrinks to 3.202m. But the hard word is done and it simply means changing a couple of figures.

The size of the Sacred World of the Kai is:

• SMALL: Radius - 585.856m : Circumference - 3,681.039m : Volume - 842,289,245.4m^3
• LARGE: Radius - 1,744.834m : Circumference - 9,139.616m : Volume - 22,251,072,837.593m^3

Density of the SWotK

Using the equation g=Gm/r^2 and rearranging it to m=gr^2/G its possible to discover the mass of the Sacred World of the Kai

• SMALL: 50,460,979,967,930,941 kg
• LARGE: 447,591,826,198,548,692 kg
  

Using these with the volume of the SWotK previously calculated...

The average density of the SWotK is:

• SMALL: 59,909,324.8 kg/m^3
• LARGE: 20,115,517 kg/m^3

Mass of the Boulder

In the Manga, the boulder Goku lifted out of the ground is 4.8034m^3. In the Anime, the boulder is 26.867m^3. At the previously calculated densities...

Just before the Buu saga, the last time we see Goku weight training is in Otherworld where Goku is made to carry 40 tonnes which flying, which he can barely hold, slowly sinking to the ground. At the start of Dragonball Super [DBS #2], Goku is seen to be dragging a huge block on King Kai's planet. Because the drawings of the block are done using perspective, its possible to work out its size.

From the Top image, comparing the block to the height of Goku using his waist as a standard distance, the front face of the Block is 1.082m x 1.157m, or 1.252m^2. From the Bottom image, using perspective the Block is 1.5x longer than it is wide, so is 1.736m long. This means the block has a volume of 2.173m^3.

MASS OF THE BLOCK

This workout is called Sled Pulling and it strengthens your core, glutes and hamstrings. It will help with sprinting and deadlifting. Generally speaking to gain strength-endurance from this you would use 40-45% of their bodyweight to drag [https://breakingmuscle.com/learn/sled-training-basics-plus-a-go-to-sled-workout]. This obviously doesn't work with Goku but the principle of bodyweight can also apply to a deadlift. The average man of 83.6kg (average male weight in the UK) can deadlift 1.25x his bodyweight. At the elite end, a man can deadlift around 2.5x his bodyweight. Goku is obviously elite. So dividing 2.5 by 42.5% will give us a multiplier for Goku's drag to deadlift at the beginning of Super - that being 5.88x. So Goku's Deadlift should be 5.88x higher than what he's dragging here.

I already calculated the density of the weights the Kai's made Goku wear as 1,613 Tonnes per cubic metre. If this Block was made of the same material King Kai and the South Kai made for Goku to wear, it would weigh 3,505 Tonnes, which means on King Kai's planet, because of his gravity being 10x than of Earths, Goku is pulling the Earth equivalent of 35,050 Tonnes.

Trying to account for friction (since I can't calculate the Friction Coefficient for a magic material on a Kai's planet) knowing that King Kai's planet is extremely dense but covered in a layer of soil, I'll use the Friction Coefficient for Concrete on soil, which is 0.3, meaning Goku is pulling the Earth equivalent of 10,515 tonnes. In turn this means Goku's deadlift would be in the region of 61,853 Earth Tonnes. This is the highball.

If however the Block was made of Concrete as would likely be the case on Earth, it would weigh the Earth equivalent of 52.15 Tonnes, meaning Goku has to apply a force over the equivalent of 15.645 Tonnes to overcome the friction and a deadlift of around 92 Tonnes. This is the lowball.

Or if it was Cast Iron like that of many training weights the Block would have an Earth mass of 158.63 Tonnes, meaning Goku has to apply a force over the equivalent of 47.59 Tonnes to overcome the friction and a deadlift of about 280 Tonnes. This is the midball (midball? lol).

CONSISTENCY

In the Universal 6 & 7 Tournament Arc, Vegeta cannot lift Magetta [DBS #11] out of the ring, not even lift a foot, and not even as a Super Saiyan. This makes sense if Vegeta still only weight trains at 300x gravity, as is consistent with the manga. Since Vegeta is said to weigh 56kg [Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide 2009] at 300x gravity Vegeta would weigh 16.8 metric tonnes as described in a different section. IF strength scales directly with power for a character in Dragonball [it does not but we'll use it for principle], turning Super Saiyan would mean Vegeta could lift 840 tonnes. Magetta himself is said by Beerus to weigh over 1,000 tonnes.

Up to this point, Vegeta is never shown to lift anything like 1,000 tonnes, even in the Gravity Machine, and he's never been shown to use the Gravity Machine in anything above 300G's either (manga) so this is consistent with what we've seen from Vegeta in the manga. Goku on the other hand has weight trained before and with help from the Kai's, but despite Vegeta not training in that way before, he cans still keep pace with Goku in a fight so it would be unreasonable to think that Goku could lift hundreds or thousands of times more weight than Vegeta, so the lowball calculation based on concrete is the most consistent with other feats in the Manga.

CONCLUSION

It seems unlikely that King Kai would create a weight for Goku to drag that is a peculiar mass such as 5.2152 Tonnes. Accounting for errors in measurement and art, it's much more likely that the Block weighs a solid 5 Tonnes. Up-scaling that for the 10G's of King Kai's planet, and after calculating the Friction Coefficient and ratio from Drag to Deadlift, Goku should be able to lift 88 Tonnes in base in a Deadlift. Likewise, I don't think King Kai would create a 158.63 Tonne block of cast iron, much more likely to make a nice round 150 Tonnes like the West Kai did with the 2 and 10 tonne weights. A Cast Iron block seems the likeliest scenario here, given Vegeta struggling to lift Magetta (assuming Magetta can produce no Ki based downforce).

NB: Dragonball Super has no such canonical superiority in either the Manga or the Anime, so the version that makes the characters the strongest will be the one that I move forward with - the Anime.

Near the beginning of Dragonball Super [DBS Ep 2] Goku trains on King Kai's planet with weights King Kai has created for him. They are much larger than the wrist and ankle weights Goku used before the World Tournament of Dragonball Z, but given they are a similar colour to those weights and also made by King kai, it is reasonable to conclude they are made with the same material.

In order to determine the mass of these new weights, measurements need to be taken of them, and the wrist and ankle weights, based on Goku's size, to find their volumes and therefore density.

Density of the Wrist and Ankle weights:

According to Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide, 2009 Goku is 5'9" or 1.7526m. So I'll be using this as a reference, along with Goku's training weights in preparation for returning to the world of the living to fight in the World Tournament.

Therefore, (as closely as I can calculate) the volume of the wrist/ankle weights = 0.0077056 - 0.0015066 = 0.006199m^3.

Therefore, with a Mass of 10 tonnes or 10,000kg each, they have a density of 1,613,163.41kg per m^3 or 1,613 Tonnes per cubic metre.

Volume of weights in Dragonball Super (pt 1):

From the following pictures, the mass of the weights Goku is training with can be derived

Each disc has an apparent volume of 7.5715 m^3. But the red weight is not the whole of the disc. There is a centre hold piece that we dont know the mass of, and wont be calculated, so will be removed from the calculation, as it appears to be a centre hole to keep the discs on a giant barbell.

At 2.2923m diametre, and 1.1461m radius, the disc, which appears to be a plate instead has a central bracket of 3.0093m^3, meaning the volume of the red mass of each plate is actually 4.5622m^3 and a therefore a mass of 7,359,610.45kg, or 7,359 Tonnes.

I'm not overly keen on that as a figure, its not a figure you'd imagine King Kai would stack up for Goku to drag along the ground. It's an unreasonable figure, which, given that its based on drawings, is probably more likely to be a nice round 7,500 Tonnes, or 7,000 Tonnes like the 2 Tonnes and 10 Tonnes were. So from this point on I will do 3 calculations. A Highball, a Lowball and one based purely on the pictures instead of whats more likely.

Based on the following pictures, you can see that Goku is actually dragging 15 of these plates.

Alternative Density:

There is no absolute proof that the weights Goku is dragging are the same material that King Kai made in the Buu saga. With that in mind, it would be worth discovering the mass of the weights if they were made with a much more realistic material such as Cast Iron which is used to make real plates for weight-lifting.

Cast Iron has a density range of 6,800kg/m^3 - 7,800kg/m^3, so I'll take the middle at 7,300kg/m^3. Using this density along with the total volume of all 15 plates of 68.433m^3 the mass of the weights, less the brackets and sleds, can be claculated.

Volume of weights in Dragonball Super (pt 2) :

From the following pictures are screen caps taken from Dragonball Super Episode 3, that is set an undetermined day after Episode 2, and in it we can see that the larger plates are solid and the smaller plates are bracketed, there are 3 of each, using the same material as before.

The first picture re-oriented to measure diameter based on Goku's height

I accidentally cropped too much off the top of the picture, but I did separately measure the gaps made by the smaller plate, and they are 89 px on the lower small plate and 74 px on the middle small plate, where the larger bottom plate is 75 px. I made the assumption that all plates are supposed to have the same thickness.

This means the larger plates have a total volume of 114.9659m^3 and a mass of 185,458,821.68kg or 185,459 Tonnes. Again, its an odd figure, and I'm guessing that something more reasonable as a weight to lift would have a Lowball figure of 180,000 Tonnes or as High as 200,000 Tonnes. Those a nice round numbers and make more sense. But what about the smaller plates?

The total volume of the plate is 74.4004m^3. The inner bracket part of the plate has a volume of 30.4191m^3, meaning the red weighted part of the smaller plate has a volume of 43.9813m^3

Therefore the mass of the smaller plate, according to its calculated density, is 70,949,023.88kg or 70,949 Tonnes. Rounded Lowballs and Highballs of 70,000 Tonnes and 75,000 Tonnes respectively.

Therefore, the total amount of weight that Goku is holding above his head and squatting just before Beerus arrives for the first time is:

• Highball - 825,000 Tonnes (8.25 million Tonnes on Earth)
• Calculation - 769,223.54 Tonnes (7.69 million Tonnes on Earth)
• Lowball - 750,000 Tonnes (7.5 million Tonnes on Earth)

Rationalisation:

Throughout Dragonball Z, until the 25th World Tournament, it was unusual to see Goku training with weights. Most of his training involved using Ki Blasts and bodyweight exercises with extremely high reps, even in high gravity fields. This explains why Goku's highest strength feet in base form was just 40 tonnes.

But towards the end of Dragonball Z and the beginning of Dragonball Super, Goku has taken up weight training more regularly and we see a vast increase in his base mode physical strength, from barely lifting 40 tonnes in DBZ to struggling to drag roughly 1.1 million tonnes at the start of DBS, to lifting roughly 7.7 million tonnes above his head by the time Beerus arrives, which he can achieve easily.

This most likely is due to Goku not training his Ki to aid him lifting weight up to the end of DBZ. In DBS however, Goku is constantly training with massively increasing weight in a short period of time, making the case for him training his Ki to finally be physically strong more concrete.

Alternative Density:

Once again, it's worth noting that these figures are using the same material King Kai's wrist and ankle weights are made with. Although that assumption is reasonable, it's not absolute, so in the interest of fairness, I'll use the same volume of the plates to discover the mass if they were made with Cast Iron which is a commonly used material for real plates used in weight-lifting, with a density of 7,300kg/m^3.

Using this density with the total volume of all of the plates, the mass of the plates Goku is lifting above his head. The total volume of all of the plates was 476.8416m^3

Faster than a Solar Flare

Other speed feats are often drafted in and commonly over-estimated for various reasons. In cases as these there are often assumptions made, but critically the solution with the least assumptions is the most accurate. When Tien uses his Solar Flare technique against Master Roshi (dressed as Jackie Chun) it's the first time Roshi or Goku have seen the technique and both are blinded momentarily by it, allowing Tien time and space to knock Roshi out. The only people that are fine are wearing sun-glasses. Later in the final of the tournament, Tien tries the same thing against Goku. In both the manga (DB #130) and the anime (DB Ep 98), Goku recognises the stance, then Tien announces the name, then the Solar Flare is used. The next time we see Goku after Goku knows what's coming is when he hits Tien - who is not expecting it. Goku has Master Roshi's sun-glasses on.

The claim often made is that Goku was faster than light here because he outrun the flash and stopped himself being blinded. But there is no proof of this whatsoever. In the anime there are 16 seconds between times we see Goku. Ample opportunity for Goku to retrieve sun-glasses. In the manga, there are 3 frames with only Tien and Tien shouting "Solar Flare" before actually using it. There is at the very least the time it takes for Tien to shout "Solar Flare" for Goku to retrieve Roshi's sun-glasses before being blinded, which is, needless to say, very fast indeed, but not anything like Light Speed.

Faster than Sight

During Jackie Chun's fight with Krillin, the match happens so quickly that the spectators and the commentator cannot see what's happening (DB #41, DB Ep 24). The argument is that the characters must be moving at faster than light speeds because their movements cannot be seen. This is not true at all. Even in the real world, the nerves cells from the eye to the brain can fire at somewhere between 300 and 1000 times per second, depending on the person. This means the the eye can send upto 1,000 images to the brain every second, but that doesn't mean the brain can handle that amount of information. Even fighter pilots after exhaustive training can only recognise refresh rates as high as 250-260fps. The brain cuts out about 75% of the detail.

But even assuming the brain takes every bit of it in at 1,000 fps - the theoretical limit to the human nervous system - there is still a limit to what can be seen depending on size, colour, luminosity, distance. You can't for example see a bullet after it's fired from a rifle, but even at twice the speed of sound, at night with a tracer bullet, you can see it. The point is, there are many things that you cannot see because of various factors. It's hard, for example, to follow a fly buzzing around a room, particularly when it's within reach, even though a fly is only capable of flying at speeds of around 5mph, tops. Not being able to see something move does not mean it's faster than light by any means.

Dodging beams

The third common reason people think characters in Dragonball have achieved light speed is because of dodging an opponents attack. There is an assumption made that energy beams travel at light-speed. There is no reason for this at all. A Ki blast has never been said to travel at light speed, what's more, Ki blast speed can be manipulated, such as when Krillin increased the power of his Ki blast against the Saibamen and it was slow (DB #215-216, DBZ Ep 23). Their speed is also affected by gravity when not powerful enough, for example, Goku's Ki blasts struggled to remain in the air in high gravity and came back down to hit him.

If Ki blasts can be different speeds, and nobody knows what exactly Ki blasts are made of, such as light, plasma or some other material, so there is absolutely no reason at all to assume they can travel at the speed of light. Sometimes a cited example of such lightspeed beams is when Piccolo blew up the moon (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YKZ8gNfVpk). But as has been debunked many times, sometimes the manga is cited, which is irrelevant in measuring speed as the pictures do not move and no time is given, so if you want a speed, you have to go by the anime, which takes precisely 3 seconds. The moon is 238,900 miles away, or 1.28 light-seconds. Piccolo's beam travelled at 79,634 miles per second, or 42.7% the speed of light. If anyone were to say that this speed doesn't count because you can't rely on the anime to give display an accurate speed, then that person must also accept this this speed feat could be slower.

All of which proves only that the fastest measured beam in all of Dragonball is less than half of the speed of light, and for a character to be judged to be even as fast as this, ignoring reaction time, needs this beam to be fired from the same distance required to move out of the way of it. The further away the beam is fired than this, the slower the character has to be to be able to dodge it.

It's the Inverse Square Law. Every time you double the distance between the characters, you halve the required dodge speed when the beam remains the same speed. Since almost all of the characters get fired at from greater than close range, and only one was within arms length (Vegeta asked Krillin to do it), even if the beams were light speed, no characters ever have logically been able to dodge at light-speed. Its mathematically impossible.

All of the aforementioned also greatly ignores the fact that Ki users can sense not just the Ki of other Ki users, but their intent, and how much Ki they are building up. In other words, they know whether their opponent is going to attack with Ki or not. There is also movement and stances to be made before the release of the Ki, often with a name of the attack being called. A character can also quite rightly assume that they are indeed the target. These things together mean that characters, like martial artists of all types do, can learn to anticipate their opponents next move and act to counter it to avoid being struck.

Faster Than Light Goku on Namek

Many people have the idea that Goku travelled from one side of Namek to the other to face Frieza. This is because someone working at Shonen Jump said so on in the magazine. But this is not true and not only can I prove that as Goku said they were "not far" but I can even show to a reasonably high degree of accuracy just how far Goku actually travelled, and you will read it later in this post.

Namek is a planet not too dissimilar to Earth, in that it has water, vegetation, mountains, and a surface gravity something similar to Earths - similar enough for Bulma not to really notice the difference. A rocky planet with similar surface gravity to Earth is likely around the same size as Earth too. Even if Goku did travel from the exact other side of the planet, at light speed that would take 0.067 seconds at lightspeed. Goku was not that quick.

More obviously than simple reason, the manga itself shows the near ground level from Frieza's ship to the site of the Namekian dragonballs and vise versa, as well as the ground level view from Dende's location of death to Porunga. This means that Goku could not have travelled more than a few miles to fight Frieza.

------------

Logically, the conclusion of all who are reasonable when looking at these types of events should be that none of them are any kind of evidence that the characters of Dragonball can move at the speed of light.

Thought should be given to the measurable feats to further understand the relative speeds of these characters

Krillin and Goku are both timed over 100m by Master Roshi before they commence his training regime (DB #28, DB Ep 16). Krillin is timed to cover the distance in 10.4 seconds. Then Goku crosses the line in 8.5 seconds (second attempt) (8 seconds flat in the English Dub of the anime). Roshi then completes the distance in 5.6 seconds. (Incidently, the same Roshi that competes with Krillin in a tournament bout where the audience can't see what's happening - just sayin).

In DB #85 when Mercenary Tao appears to leap from the terrace to the pillar he had just thrown he presents an opportunity to calculate a speed feat. Mercenary Tao is the brother of Master Shen of the Crane School of Martial Arts, later to include Tien and Chiao-Tsu. A common technique learned by the students of this school along with the Dodon Ray (first used in Dragonball by Mercenary Tao against Goku [DB #86]) is the Bukujutsu, or Sky Dance - otherwise known as flying.

It's unknown if Mercenary Tao can actually fly because he never does, but he might be able to and is never specifically shown to fly. So it's impossible to know whether or not this the act of landing on the thrown pillar is simply a leap, or if it's more akin to the speed burst many fighters use at the beginning of a bout to reduce the distance quickly to make range attacks more difficult. If it IS a leap does that count as a speed of limb movement? For me, I feel this is too similar to a speed burst at the start of a bout, not just a leap or flight, the stance is all wrong, but it's open to interpretation.

If this is a leap, you have to wonder why he doesn't just jump the 2,300km, especially since its within his capability as he could leap fast enough to catch up with and land on the pillar he threw. I think this is to do with the landing. Before the pillar lands near Goku Tao jumps up in the air. It seems that the reason he may not fly might be energy conservation, and the reason he rides the pillar instead of just jumping to Goku's location is to not end up buried in the ground like the pillar was.

In DB #85 Tao throws the pillar and virtually immediately sets off to land on it.

The first and third frames are drawn using perspective lines, though they aren't perfect, so I compensated for where the lines (particularly on the 3rd frame) should have gone. We know the dimensions of the pillar, and because of the perspective I can use those dimensions to find the distance it has travelled.

You can find the perspective distance by calculating intervals of known distances. I used the difference in diameter of the pillar from both ends to find a ratio. I used this ratio to find the apparent dimensions of the pillar at one stage closer, and so on. In this picture, the pillar has travelled a distance of 4.53m. Since the pillar is moving at a speed of 7049.453m/s, this picture exists at an instant 0.00064s after Tao released it.

In the above picture there are measurably 17 segments that equate to 2.408m long between the back of the pillar and where Tao released it. I corrected the perspective for this picture slightly because the lines lead to the wrong point, though close. So I adjusted the lines to where Tao was to continue the calculation. At 17 segments, this means that the pillar is 40.936m from where Tao released it, or 0.00581s after Tao released it. Assuming Tao moved immediately after Frame 1 (throwing the pillar) Tao has been in the air for at most 0.00516s. This is too low. Tao is 1.49m behind where he should be.

Tao himself is between the 14th and 15th pillar segments, or 34.92m from where the pillar was released. This pillar took just 0.004953s to get to that same point. For Tao to catch up with the pillar, he must be faster than the pillar and have covered the same distance in less time, not more. This means he did not leave immediately after Frame 1. I need to account for the length of Tao's arm.

Tao's arm length means he has had to move an extra 0.74m to catch up to the pillar. This puts his speed at 6910.853m/s which is still too slow to catch up with the pillar, which he clearly did. The difference between how far behind the pillar Tao was in Frame 1 and Frame 3, including arm length, is 0.75m which means Tao paused for 0.000106s before he launched, and thats for equal speed with the pillar. Perhaps it's impossible to discover how fast Tao did jump, but we can put a maximum on it.

If we assume that Mercenary Tao landed on the pillar on it's next segment of travel, as is possible given the manga:

This would mean that Tao would have covered the distance of 4 segments or 9.632m in 0.000342s, which is 28,197.812m/s. This is the absolute maximum speed Tao could be travelling, and likely to be too fast since it's the extreme scenario. At this speed, Tao would have taken 0.001264s to travel the distance of 35.656m that Frame 3 shows, meaning he would have paused 0.00455s before launching himself at the pillar.

It makes sense that since Tao's feet start below where the pillar started off that for him to land on the pillar his own trajectory would be a tighter arc. It's worth remembering that in manga or anime, things look how the artist best sees fit to display the image. Thats why pictures use perspective lines. With that in mind, artistically, this is where I feel that Tao would land as compared with this picture:

Which, if correct (and why wouldn't it be? lol) would mean that Tao would land on the pillar after another 3 segments travelled, or another 0.001025s:

Tao would have travelled 6 pillar lengths (14.448m) in 0.001025s, giving him a burst speed of 14,098.906m/s, which is twice the speed of the pillar, which was a happy accident considering the arc was drawn before the segments were calculated. But I'd still be more comfortable with a Lowball figure too.

Frame 3 is when the pillar was 40.936m or 0.005807s after Tao threw it. IF the pillar had travelled a not unreasonable total of 200m when Tao landed on it (5x farther from the terrace than Frame 3), from the time of the throw the pillar will have been travelling for 0.028371s. Therefore there is a difference of 0.022564s between Tao's position in Frame 3 (7.224m behind his landing position on the pillar) and landing on the pillar at 200m. The pillar itself has another 159.064m to travel before Tao lands on it, or near exactly 66 segments. Meaning Tao has to travel 69 segment lengths (from Frame 3) in 0.022564s to land on the pillar. Which means he would have had to have travelled at a speed of 7363.581m/s to have caught up with it.

The Height of Frieza's Ship

Vegeta's height compared to his torso

Height of Vegeta's shoulder from the ground

Height of one of Frieza's ships legs

Height of Frieza's ship is 8.21m

The Size of Porunga

Comparative height in pixels of Freizas ship

From here, you need to so some calculations, involving the following equations, some unit conversion and the focal length of the eye.

Happily, the aforementioned website does all of that for you, so I don't have to go through the laborious process of showing my workings, but I will show you the end result

The distance between where Dende, Krillin and Gohan placed the dragonballs and Frieza's ship where Vegeta was sleeping, was 1.1km

Pixel size of Porunga, where the observer is above or on top of Freizas ship

Since we know that Porunga is 1.1km away, his height in pixels will enable us to determine his actual height.

Porunga is 151.3m tall. To put that into perspective, Godzilla from the 2014 movie is supposed to be 108m tall. He is colossal.

Porunga to Dende

Comparative height of Porunga in pixels from the location Dende was killed, close the site of the battle before Goku arrived

Using the same calculator, knowing Porungas height and his apparent height, we can calculate the distance from Dende to Porunga:

Dende was killed 5.15km away from where he, Krillin and Gohan hid the dragonballs

Effectively, to scale, Dende was killed somewhere on the blue circle.

Dende was killed and revived a maximum of 6.25km or 3.88 miles from Frieza's ship.

The Maximum Speed of Goku

While Goku didn't arrive exactly at this spot, he did arrive very close to it, so I will use this as the distance travelled to meet Frieza. And it is a likely distance, because in the two images of Porunga - one from Frieza's ship and the other from Dende's position - they are facing in more or less exact opposite directions, indicating Goku took a direct line from Frieza's ship to the other fighters, more of less directly over the location of the Dragonballs.

I consider this a maximal feat too because Goku knew Vegeta was being killed at the hands of Frieza and his friends were next, so he would have rushed.

6.25km is 6,250m that Goku travelled in a likely 0.1s. This means Goku travelled 62,500m/s or 225,000,000m/hr

Hit's Time Skip (DB #12-13) has the effect of pausing time for a short time, enabling Hit to move or any against an opponent without them being able to defend against it. When Hit first shows this technique he can use it for 0.1 seconds. By the end of his fight with Goku it's reached over 0.5 seconds. But the effect is lessened when someone is stronger than Hit.

In practical terms, this is really no different to when Guldo of the Ginyu force could pause time by holding his breath. When Guldo wasn't in any problems, he could hold his breath longer, but when he was struggling his air ran out longer. So the stronger Hits opponent is than him, the less time his Time-Skip lasts for, and the less advantage Hit can take of his ability.

In the manga, Goku fights Hit in his base form, Super Saiyan, God form and Super Saiyan Blue. Only after reaching SSG does Goku start eating into Hits Time-Skip time limit. Which at first doesn't make sense because SSB Vegeta lost heavily against Hit. But then Whis explains:

So because Vegeta used SSB against Cabba in their fight to show it off, he seriously reduced its effectiveness later. This is why Goku turns SSG before going SSB. Against SS God, Hit unleashes his full power and equalises once more with Goku, but just as hit looks to take full advantage of his 0.1s, Goku turns SSB and becomes even more powerful, again shortening the length of Hit's Time-Skip.

In the anime, this doesn't happen (DBS Ep 38-40). None of the detail or explanations are present, Hit fights Goku in his base form without using his hands until Goku figures out how to defend against the Time-Skip. After Goku does this Hit takes his hands out of his pockets and fights seriously, then Goku turns straight to SSB and Hit admits to having reached his current limit against Goku's SS Blue. So this is evidence of the fact that Hit is stronger in the anime than he is in the manga, but in the anime Hit is capable of improving his abilities during the match with Goku (DBS Ep39). Krillin notes that:

It's at this point, after Hit has made clear his paraty with Goku and the improved length of his Time-Skip has Goku beat, that Goku uses Kaioken in his SSB form, eventually using Kaioken x10.

This is when the speed feat happens.

In the manga, when Goku is too good for Hits Time-Skip, the Time-Skip is shorter. The Time-Skip stops and Goku is moving again.

Even in the anime, this is what happens, the Time-Skip stops and Goku starts moving again:

This is what happens in both, until Goku goes Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x10:

This is the first and only time that Goku moves inside the Time-Skip. All other times, the Time-Skip ends and Goku continues to move, but not this time, after using Kaioken x10, Goku is somehow moving despite time having stopped.

So what does that mean?

In the real world, according to Einsteins theory of general relativity, the closer you get to the speed of light the more mass you gain and the slower time flows. This continues to the point that photons, packets of light, experience no time from the moment they are created to the moment they finish their journey, they dont age or experience entropy. Time for photons, has stopped.

In comics and other fiction, characters like Superman take advantage of this by increasing his mass to destroy a magical moon, or the Flash and other Speedsters use it for the Infinite Mass Punch. It's quite common in comics to use quasi-physics in this way, but another of these from the Flash, the epitome of a fast character, is that at light-speed time stops:

Faster Than Time:

This is a phrase that is often stated about Goku at this point by fans of Dragonball, but it doesn't mean anything at all. Time has no speed to be faster than. Time is one of the things you need to determine speed - the other is distance. Speed, or velocity, is the rate of change of a things position in 3-dimensional space. Saying that something or someone is 'faster than time' is like saying it's 'faster than up'. There is no such thing in science or possibly even in fiction as 'faster than time'.

Conclusion:

If Goku SSB Kaioken x10 moved fast enough to move inside Hit's Time-Skip, a place that exists when time has stopped, it can only be because Goku has achieved light-speed.

But the Kaioken is unique in Dragonball. It's the only time when a characters Ki, speed, strength etc, all scale at the same rate. A Saiyans Ki may increase by 50x when turning Super Saiyan, but that doesn't mean their speed or strength will increase by 50x. But this is exactly what happens with Kaioken, if Goku uses Kaioken x10, Goku's speed will increase by 10x, and the opposite is also true, whatever Goku's abilities are at Kaioken x10, they are one-tenth of that without Kaioken.

After Goku finsihes training with King Kai, he gets wished back to life and must make his way back to King Yemma across Snake Way (1 million Km) to meet Kami who can take him back to Earth (DB #212, DC Ep 21). King Kai suggests Goku can make it in two days at his current speed, but he also says the Saiyans will arrive the next day.

Snake Way is 1,000,000km long, and when Goku left King Kai, it seems he expected Goku to go the distance in 2 days at his current speed. This tells us that at this point in time, Goku can shift at 20,833Kmph, or 12,945mph. This seems fair since King Kai has been training Goku, he should know how fast Goku is and how long it would take him.

As we know though, Goku didn't take 2 days. He arrived back to King Yemma the next day, 3 hours and 37 minutes after the Saiyans arrived.

In the Kame House when Goku calls Master Roshi via King Kai, Bulma and Oolong are about to eat, or have just started eating:

A quick google search shows a number of sources stating that lunch times in Japan traditionally run from 11:30am to 1:30pm.

ASSUMPTION 1: If They started lunch at 11:30am and took a further 13 minutes from that point to calling the dragon and wishing Goku back to life, then Goku traversed Snake Way in 27 hours and 37 minutes. I personally dont find this a huge leap. Toriyama specifcally made King Kai mention the "next day" and he specifically mentions times of the day that add another 3 hours and 37 minutes onto the time of arrival of the Saiyans.

But Goku didn't run the entire length. He ran, but he jumped and flew the gaps to take a more direct route and save time.

If Goku did travel at 20,833Kmph, that would mean he travelled a touch over 575,000km in a straight line, meaning an additional 425,000km of distance are in the meanders, loops and undulations of Snake Way.

The alternative is that King Kai knew that Goku would jump and fly between the arcs and across the gaps in Snake Way to take a direct route and thought it would take Goku 48 hours, but it actually took him 27 hours 37 minutes, meaning that Goku is faster than King Kai thought by a substantial margin - by Goku being 74% faster. A small time discrepancy could be expected, but something so large proves that King Kai must have assumed that Goku would follow Snake Way and not take a direct route.

There's not a great deal to be gained by looking at the manga here (DB #483), it shows only that SS Gotenks is in the process of completing his 5th time around the Earth. It has no time through which to measure:

The anime on the other hand (DBZ Ep 253) shows Gotenks trajectory around the Earth 9 times in 7 seconds:

I have already argued that the timing of feats is not reliable unless figures are stated because the anime speeds up and slows down the event to make for better viewing. So take 7 seconds with a pinch of salt.

The events that take place are SS Gotenks flying away from the Lookout and into space, flying around the Earth 9 times, coming down to land and taking a nap, being woken by Piccolo and quickly after flying off to face Buu. All of which takes 29 minutes in real-time but only 4 minutes and 6 seconds in the anime.

The anime shows:

• 1m39s from fusing to flying into space
• 7 seconds in space
• 30 seconds to come back into the atmosphere and lie down
• 2m15s until Piccolo comes and Gotenks wakes up
• 30 seconds til Gotenks leaves and Piccolo says he only has a minute left

The fusion only lasts 30 minutes, hence everything happening in 29 minutes. But the above only accounts for a total of 5m01s. Add to that the 1 minute left Gotenks uses up finding Buu and we have 23m59s unaccounted for.

So, was that 7 seconds REALLY 7 seconds?

Well, no.

You see in the clip where SS Gotenks flies around the Earth, the Earth is rotating on its axis. The following pictures show how much the Earth has rotated over the course of that 7 seconds

The rotation of the Earth in these "7 seconds" is equivalent to nearly 2 time zones / 2 hours:

Obviously, with a time limit of only 30 minutes, there was not 1h50(ish)m that went by, but the Earth rotating is no coincidence or representation of art. There are many times the Earth is shown from space in Dragonball and it does not spin. Here are 3 examples from throughout the series:

The Earth being shown to spin is a rare occurrence in Dragonball, rare enough that I couldn't find another, which tells me that this is very intentional. Deliberate to show the passage of time. This means that much more than a simple 7 seconds has passed. How much time passed during this time is impossible to tell, but it's at most 23m59s. But how far did Gotenks travel?

Using the average diameter of the Earth (302.3px = 12,742 km) the distance travelled by Gotenks can be worked out. I took just the middle one of each cluster as a standard, since the three in each cluster are just about the same. The first cluster has a diameter of 18,459.7km. The second cluster has a diameter of 17,448.3km and the third a diameter of 19,386.9km. All of which means that the total distance Gotenks travelled was 521,142.6km or 323,823.8 miles.

I am not happy at having to rely on the show to tell us how long this really took Gotenks by subtracting how long everything else too, having clearly demonstrated that timing events in the anime is unreliable, but it does present a maximum amount of time that the journey around the Earth took, 23m59s. Which means that Gotenks travelled at least 1,303,761.9kmph / 810,122.1mph.

But how does this relate to Piccolo? Does SS Gotenks speed seem reasonable?

At this point in the series, Piccolo is more powerful than Android 18, was equal to Android 17, then entered the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for a year before the Cell Games, in which he is capable of taking on the Cell Jr's:

Then Piccolo continued with 7 years of training to the point of the World Tournament:

Piccolo thinks himself at least close to Dabura after seeing Dabura spit on Krillin and turn him to stone. After base Goku and Vegeta have a quick shot at him, Piccolo says "You're mine!"(DBZ Ep 221) and flies to take him on with his weights on. Goku comments that Dabura is around Perfect Cell level.

So this gives you an idea of how powerful Piccolo is during the Buu saga. Now, when Gotenks rests it takes Piccolo (again using the anime timing) 2m15s to get to him. Even if Gotenks has stopped on the opposite side of the Earth to Piccolo, it would mean Piccolo - who was putting some really effort into catchin up to Gotenks as he was tired - had a speed of 533,735.6kmph or 331,648.8mph, or 41% of SS Gotenks, at absolute best. The likelyhood is though that Gotenks was closer than half way around the Earth.

This is actually fairly reasonable when you consider that in the World Tournament Android 18 was able to go toe-to-toe with SS Trunks and SS Goten at the same time (DBZ Ep 225) and that Piccolo has far exceeded Android 18. Even if you go by the commonly used fan equations for Fusion Dance of 10(A+B), SS Gotenks is around 10-15x stronger than Android 18.

Some will find issue with this because it's only a little over 60x faster than Goku when he travelled Snake Way, but there is no evidence in all of Dragonball that speed scales linearly with Power Levels, unless using Kaioken. With that in mind....

While this is a throwing or movement feat, Tao is throwing an object that has a mass. If we can find the mass of the pillar he threw and the acceleration it underwent, we can figure out the force that was applied to it by him.

Mass:

The pillar itself has a volume of v = h x pi x r^2 which is 0.3026 cubic metres. But what's it made of?

Well, it's not wood or steel. The way the ends are damaged suggest some kind of stone, plaster or concrete. So looking at the densities of a range of materials, I found the following densities:

This means that the pillar could weigh as much as 817kg or as little as 257kg. Given the nature of the building as a military purpose build structure, as well as having prison facities and a need to be strong, I personally find that concrete, being cheaper and harder, is the most likely used material, which would put it at 726kg.

Acceleration:

Acceleration can be determined by final velocity minus initial velocity, divided by the time it took to accelerate, or a = (v-u)/t

• The Initial Velocity is 0m/s as it's at a stand still
• The Final Velocity is 7049.453m/s at the point it left Tao's hand
• But how much time did it take to get there?

We know the initial speed is 0m/s when he started the throw, and the final speed is 7049.453m/s when he released it. That means over a given distance, and an assumed constant acceleration, it had an average speed of 3524.7265m/s for the duration of the throw. If we find the distance Tao's hand moved during the throw, we'll know how long the throw lasted for.

Knowing General Tao's height to be 1.78m [Daizenshuu 7] some of the pictures can be adapted to allow for a reasonable idea of the length of his throw. The picture of his throwing stance needs to be skewed to present something closer to a side view, instead of the 3/4 rear view and another full-body picture used to fill out the rest of his body.

Using these pictures, the line of the throw and the natural joints of the body, it's possible to gain an idea of Tao's movements in the throw.

Given the potential for inaccuracy in the picture, I will round to 1.6m

Since Speed = Distance / Time, then Time = Distance / Speed. Therefore the duration of this throw was 0.000454s.

Therefore the Acceleration of the pillar is = 15,527,430m/s/s

Force:

Force = Mass x Acceleration

The range of values for the linear force involved in accelerating this pillar is:

King Kai's planet is made of rock, is approximated by the size of his 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air to be 63m in diameter. It has a surface gravity of 10x that of Earth, or 98.07m.s^-2. It therefore has a volume of 130,924 cubic metres.

Where:

• g is the surface gravity of a spherical body (98.0665m.s^-2)
• G is the Gravitational constant (6.674×10−11 N⋅m2/kg2)
• r is the radius of the spherical body (31.5m)
• M is the mass of the spherical body

King Kai's planet would have a mass of 1,457,993,476,550,795kg or 1.457 trillion tonnes.

This in turn means King Kai's planet has a density of 11,129,721,195 kg/m3

In the real world, the only things more dense than this are the Neutron Star, the Quark Star and a Black Hole. King Kai's planet has the same density as a White Dwarf star - which only shine due to residual heat instead of nuclear fusion.

This is why all of this is important:

Taken from DBS #2 with the anime equivalent being in DBS Ep 5, Goku punches down at Beerus while Super Saiyan 3 and misses, punching King Kai's planet instead. In the anime, there are a number of punches in both Super Saiyan and SS2 forms where Goku hits King Kai's planet after missing Beerus, but only in SS3 does the planet fracture in such a way. The impact of the punch blasts a conical hole through the planet. The question is, how much force is required to make that happen?

Goku's punch causes splintering in the rock at the surface, then shear and compressive stress from the core to the surface on the other side, causing a cone of the planet to explode into fragments. The force Goku applied was directed into the mass within that cone.

A Spherical cone is made up of a cone and a spherical cap. The cone angle is 56.5 degrees. Using that angle and trigonometry, the radius of the cone 14.91m. Thanks to http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SphericalCone.html the volume of the Spherical Cone is 7,797.3m^3 and therefore a mass of 86,781,775,074 metric tonnes.

It's undefined how long this takes for this eruption to occur, but the layout of the page suggests it's fairly instant, but I'll call it 1 second for ease, even though it appears to have happened much quicker than this.

Many of the pieces of rubble have grass on them and are surface chunks, with the rest being fine rubble or dust flying out from within the planet. They've travelled a range of distances between just above the surface to 65.9m, the average distance is 33m. Assuming a time of 1s for this to occur, this gives the debris an acceleration of 33m/s/s

Force=Mass x Acceleration so the Force of the punch in Newtons = 86,781,775,074,118kg x 33m/s/s which is 2,863,798,577,445,908N.

It is known that Master Roshi is capable of buffing up and dramatically increasing his Power Level by perhaps even 10x, fighting several fodder that are reliably known to be around 1,300 in power. But in his base, weaker and regular form, Master Roshi has shown that he could initially outpace Goku and Krillin by running 100m in 5.6s, which is absurdly fast for a 300 year old man, but never the less, he didn't stop that slow speed from hold back the speed of his movements.

It's widely known that when it comes to Dragonball, a fighters ability to move his body around quickly is not equal to their ability to move their limbs around quickly.

What Master Roshi demonstrates (DB #73, DB Ep 49) is that even though he can only run 100m in 5.6s, he is capable of catching bullets from a machine gun without missing one of them.

For reference, this is the same Master Roshi that both Krillin and Goku have gone toe-to-toe with as children (DB #42, 47-53). This speed of movement is why the audience and commentator of the Worlds Martial Arts Tournament can't see their movements, but how fast are the bullets?

The muzzle velocity of a gun is the speed of the bullet upon exiting the barrel of the gun. When the muzzle velocity of a bullet is less than 1120ft/s, 336m/s or 763mph (the speed of sound) the trajectory of the bullet becomes inaccurate and more unpredictable. The vast majority of rifles, assault rifles and large automatic weapons use ammunition with a muzzle velocity above 1120ft/s.

Typically the only ammunition with lower than Speed of Sound are used in hand guns.

These are by no means exhaustive lists, but they show a lot of what I've seen while researching this. By all means do your own research, there are far too many options to show here - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_machine_guns.

The point is, many machine guns use ammunition with muzzle velocities of twice the speed of sound or higher, and the Colt 1895 is considered one of the slowest machine guns with a rate of fire of 400 rounds per minute. I think it's fair to say that Master Roshi's hands were capable of catching bullets travelling at Mach 2 at a rate of at least 400rpm.

This doesn't mean that Master Roshi's hands could move at Mach 2 because his hands needed cover a much smaller distance than the bullets to catch them, but given the short distance between Roshi and the goon, he'd still have to be extremely fast.

So how fast are Roshi's hands?

Well given the heights of the various people that come and go from Master Roshi's house, the front door on Kame House appears to be a pretty standard 80 inches.

Using the pages of DB #73 the fact Roshi is positioned by the water and the goon is toward the house between the corner of Kame House and the palm tree from Roshi's view you can get the rough positions of them on the birds-eye-view and so an estimate how far apart they are when Roshi is catching bullets

So over the distance of 6.6m, Roshi has Mach 2 bullets flying at him and he must react to them and then move to catch them. Given the speed of the bullets, Roshi has approximately 0.0097s each time to do this.

Master Roshi is 5'5" or 1.65m tall (Daizenshuu 7), so using one of the only pictures I could find of him standing up as straight as you'll ever see him (without a Jackie Chun wig) we can get a frame of reference:

This means the range of motion of Master Roshi's hands can be calculated. I used the anime because it specifically shows the movement of the hands:

We cannot ever know Roshi's reaction time, but theoretically the fastest human synapses can fire is 1000 times per second. That would account for 0.001 of the 0.0097 seconds of bullet flight time, leaving 0.0087s. Assuming Roshi needs to see 1m of the bullets trajectory before he knows where it's going to go, and each metre of the trajectory takes 0.0015s for the bullet to cover, this leaves just 0.0072s for Roshi to move his hands.

Over a distance of 0.59m, which is the largest distance Roshi moves his hands, he has a speed of 81.94m/s or 183mph.

But this is using an invented machine gun that has a muzzle velocity of Mach 2 as a bare minimum and 400rpm because it's the slowest. The vast majority of machine guns have a higher muzzle velocity and higher firing rate. The M16 assault rifle, for instance, has a muzzle velocity of 3250ft/s (close to mach 3) and a firing rate of 950rpm. It can empty its 30 round magazine in less than 2 seconds. In this case, Roshi's hands would have had to have moved at 126.7m/s or 283mph.

But the gun itself LOOKS remarkably similar to a Japanese T-100 submachine gun (a machine gun that uses pistol cartridges) which was the only submachine gun produced by the Japanese in WWII. It was adapted from the Swiss Solothurn S1-100:

The S1-100, which is the one most closely resembling Toriyama's drawings was a sub-machine gun, smaller and less powerful than a standard machine gun, and fired 9mm cartridges. It had a muzzle velocity of 1,345ft/s and firing rate of 600rpm. If it was this gun, it would mean Roshi has a hand speed of 46.61m/s or 104mph.

If Akira Toriyama did model the goon's gun on a real machine gun, it seems likely it would have been the S1-100 given it's similarity and links to Japan. But the reality is we don't know and never will if it was even based on a real gun. Chances are Toriyama doesnt remember anymore given it's such a small detail, and apart from it's looks, we have no idea of it's power. And given the totally different technology of Dragonball, who knows how powerful the gun could really be? These are best guesses based on the info we have.

After being brought in to deal with Goku and retrieve the Dragonballs in his possession [DB #85], Mercenary Tao breaks off a stone/marble/granite/concrete pillar and throws it 2,300km to Goku's location.

When he does this, Tao is standing on an upper terrace of the Red Ribbon Army Head Quarters. The following is a grouping of more of less all of the pictures of the HQ complex from the outside. In some you can see the pillar that Mercenary Tao removed.

Thankfully, people much smarter than me at convertalot.com created a ballistic trajectory calculator using a lot of equations, that all work out visually something like this:

If you know initial speed of the projectile, the height the projectile was fired at and the angle it was fired at, it'll tell you the range. Well, we know the range, we want the speed. However, the speed can be guessed at with a game of higher or lower IF we know the height the projectile was fired from, and the angle.

Height:

Goku is in Karin's Sacred Land [DB #84], 2,300km from the Red Ribbon Army Headquarters. Both are flat lands situated near mountains. They are possibly similar heights from sea level. It's all I have to go on, so I will assume the only difference between them is the height of the building Tao is in. Not that I imagine it would make a huge difference, but I may as well pin down as many variables as I can.

Looking at the above, there is little doubt that the follow is the front of the complex, located at the main gate:

But what of the terrace that Tao threw the pillar from? There are SOME clues. The large domed building at 'A' and the building with the cannon on it at 'B'

And a view of the main complex from the other side:

Which means that this building

Is this building:

Now we know roughly how far from the ground we are. The roof of the building on the lower right is about 2 floors from the ground. Luckily because Akira Toriyama uses perspective lines in this picture, we can figure out roughly where the ground is and knowing the size of the column we can figure out how high he was when he threw it.

Given that there'll be a slight variation on that because of the drawing and the perspective, a nice round 50m sounds ok by me.

Angle:

One of the pictures in DB #85 is virtually side view, and is immediately after Toa throws and lands on the pillar, making gaining an angle fairly simple.

Speed:

Using the calculator at http://www.convertalot.com/ballistic_trajectory_calculator.html the initial speed of the pillar must be 7049.453m/s. This means that Mercenary Tao's hand must have travelled 7049.453 to throw it. The equivalent of 25,378kmph or 15,769mph. Just over Mach 20. But its worth remembering that he's throwing a stone/concrete pillar, which is not light. Unladen, his hand should move faster, so...

In DBS Ep 71, Hit assassinates a Mob Boss. In doing so he enters a state powered by his Time-Skip and brings the Mob Boss into it so only they are not experiencing paused time. The Mob boss attempts to kill Hit with a concealed laser (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uw5Bix9aKs4).

Lasers are forms of electromagnetic radiation and therefore travel at the Speed of Light. This is a genuinely high-end feat of fast reaction time.

Here, in a comparison with 1.75m tall Goku, Hit is 2.066m (6'9") tall. this will be important in determining the distance between Hit and the Mob Boss in the following picture, that provides a good idea of how far away they are from each other:

So on to discover how high from the ground the laser was fired:

That means the laser was fired 1.146m from the ground

The laser itself went close by Hit's ear, so that the line I'll use:

But there is another angle to consider too. The laser is fired from the Mob Boss's left breast of his jacket, but it misses Hit on the left side of his face. Viewing the anime in slow motion you can see that Hit moves very minimally. If the laser was going to strike him, it would only have glance his face or ear, which is why Hit moves so little, and if anything only moves to ensure he isn't touched by it. So I will work out the following on that basis.

Assuming the Mob Boss and Hit are directly facing each other and measuring up to the point the laser would scratch Hit's face:

Using Pythagoras Theorem, (A2 + B2 = C2) and the lengths of 2.140m and a height of 0.791m provides the actual distance the light travelled before reaching Hit, which is 2.282m.

Light travels at 299,792,458 m/s and so can cover the distance of 2.282m in 0.0000000076119s or 7.61 nano-seconds.

The following picture shows the laser on it's path to Hit at a viewing angle that needs to be determined to discover the speed of Hit's movements.

The likely angle at which Hit is being viewed can be shown on the picture to the left by matching features of his face. It's 13 degrees deviation from straight.

Applying this to the overhead measurements will show the point which the laser has reached in the above picture, therefore how far it has travelled and how long after being fired it took to get there. The line will be taken from halfway along Hit's nose as in the pic above.

Therefore, again, using Pythagoras' Theorem, the actual distance the laser travelled was 1.9066m up to the point of the picture above, meaning that picture was 0.0000000063597s (6.36 nano seconds) after the laser was fired.

This is how far Hit moved after the laser approached his face, followed by the full extent of Hit's movement based on his moving back after the laser passed:

Based on the width of Hit's face across his brows from corner to corner, these movements are 0.01151m and 0.02166m respectively meaning up to the point of the laser approaching his face, Hit had moved his head 0.01015m (1.015cm).

Assuming instantaneous reactions, Hit would have moved his head at a speed of 1,595,987m/s (3,392,910mph), but that's not truly the case, Hit did have a reaction time. In the anime, the laser takes 5 frames from the point of the front of the beam to leave the Mob Boss's jacket to the point of the tail of the beam leaving his jacket. The laser also takes 5 frames from the point of approaching Hit to the tail end of the beam passing Hit. This means that Hit moved his head 0.01151m in 1/5th the time it takes the laser to pass him.

Going by the length of the beam in just one frame, the distance the beam would travel in the 6th frame would be as follows if this frame is a true representation:

This is consistent with the image of the laser approaching Hit, so I will make a strong assumption that this is the same point at which the laser approaches Hit's face. If true, this means that Hit moved his head 0.01151m in 1/5th the time it takes for the laser to approach Hits face, which is 0.0000000063597s, which is 0.00000000127194s (1.27 nano seconds). This means that Hit moved his head the full 0.02166m in 0.0000000023936s, which is a speed of 9,049,131m/s (20,242,380mph).

This also means Hits reaction time is 0.0000000063597s - 0.0000000023936s = 0.0000000039661s

This is proof that Hit can react to lightspeed events.

Each disc has an apparent volume of 7.5715 m^3. But the red weight is not the whole of the disc. There is a centre hold piece that we dont know the mass of, and wont be calculated, so will be removed from the calculation, as it appears to be a centre hole to keep the discs on a giant barbell.

At 2.2923m diametre, and 1.1461m radius, the disc, which appears to be a plate instead has a central bracket of 3.0093m^3, meaning the volume of the red mass of each plate is actually 4.5622m^3 and a therefore a mass of 7,359,610.45kg, or 7,359 Tonnes.

I'm not overly keen on that as a figure, its not a figure you'd imagine King Kai would stack up for Goku to drag along the ground. It's an unreasonable figure, which, given that its based on drawings, is probably more likely to be a nice round 7,500 Tonnes, or 7,000 Tonnes like the 2 Tonnes and 10 Tonnes were. So from this point on I will do 3 calculations. A Highball, a Lowball and one based purely on the pictures instead of whats more likely.

Based on the following pictures, you can see that Goku is actually dragging 15 of these plates.

The first picture re-oriented to measure diameter based on Goku's height

I accidentally cropped too much off the top of the picture, but I did separately measure the gaps made by the smaller plate, and they are 89 px on the lower small plate and 74 px on the middle small plate, where the larger bottom plate is 75 px. I made the assumption that all plates are supposed to have the same thickness.

This means the larger plates have a total volume of 114.9659m^3 and a mass of 185,458,821.68kg or 185,459 Tonnes. Again, its an odd figure, and I'm guessing that something more reasonable as a weight to lift would have a Lowball figure of 180,000 Tonnes or as High as 200,000 Tonnes. Those a nice round numbers and make more sense. But what about the smaller plates?

The total volume of the plate is 74.4004m^3. The inner bracket part of the plate has a volume of 30.4191m^3, meaning the red weighted part of the smaller plate has a volume of 43.9813m^3

Therefore the mass of the smaller plate, according to its calculated density, is 70,949,023.88kg or 70,949 Tonnes. Rounded Lowballs and Highballs of 70,000 Tonnes and 75,000 Tonnes respectively.

Rearanged gravity formula to calculate mass instead (had to do short hand got formula from Wikipedia) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_gravity

g = m/r^2

m = r^2 x g

Volume formula

V = (4/3) × pi × r^3

Density Formula

P = M/V

Here's the actual calcs

g = m/r^2

m = r^2 x g

m = 0.0000156961230576^2 x 10

m = 0.0000000024636827904 earth masses

Earths mass = 5.97219 × 10^24 kilograms

5.97219 × 10^24 X 0.0000000024636827904 = 14,713,581,723,998,976

m = 14,713,581,723,998,976 kg

This considers King Kai's planet as 100m radius and 10X gravity.

The small number is the size of King Kai's planets radius in relation to Earths.

volume of a sphere is V = (4/3) × pi × r^3

V = (4/3) × pi × 100m^3 = 4188790.2047863905m^3

This is using King Kai's planet as 100m radius.

Knowing the mass and Volume we can get density.

P = M/V

P = 14713581723998976kg / 4188790.2047863905m^3

P = 3.512608892.9415128417291527 X 10^9 kg/m^3

Density :

white dwarf star: "The average density of matter in a white dwarf must therefore be, very roughly, 1,000,000 times greater than the average density of the Sun, or approximately 10^6 g/cm3." Which translates to 10^9 kg/m^3. So in other words it is over 3.5 times as dense as a white dwarf star.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf "

Keep in mind this is SSJ3 Goku who can get one shotted by Base Goku (God Ki).

Faster than a Solar Flare

Other speed feats are often drafted in and commonly over-estimated for various reasons. In cases as these there are often assumptions made, but critically the solution with the least assumptions is the most accurate. When Tien uses his Solar Flare technique against Master Roshi (dressed as Jackie Chun) it's the first time Roshi or Goku have seen the technique and both are blinded momentarily by it, allowing Tien time and space to knock Roshi out. The only people that are fine are wearing sun-glasses. Later in the final of the tournament, Tien tries the same thing against Goku. In both the manga (DB #130) and the anime (DB Ep 98), Goku recognises the stance, then Tien announces the name, then the Solar Flare is used. The next time we see Goku after Goku knows what's coming is when he hits Tien - who is not expecting it. Goku has Master Roshi's sun-glasses on.

The claim often made is that Goku was faster than light here because he outrun the flash and stopped himself being blinded. But there is no proof of this whatsoever. In the anime there are 16 seconds between times we see Goku. Ample opportunity for Goku to retrieve sun-glasses. In the manga, there are 3 frames with only Tien and Tien shouting "Solar Flare" before actually using it. There is at the very least the time it takes for Tien to shout "Solar Flare" for Goku to retrieve Roshi's sun-glasses before being blinded, which is, needless to say, very fast indeed, but not anything like Light Speed.

Faster than Sight

During Jackie Chun's fight with Krillin, the match happens so quickly that the spectators and the commentator cannot see what's happening (DB #41, DB Ep 24). The argument is that the characters must be moving at faster than light speeds because their movements cannot be seen. This is not true at all. Even in the real world, the nerves cells from the eye to the brain can fire at somewhere between 300 and 1000 times per second, depending on the person. This means the the eye can send upto 1,000 images to the brain every second, but that doesn't mean the brain can handle that amount of information. Even fighter pilots after exhaustive training can only recognise refresh rates as high as 250-260fps. The brain cuts out about 75% of the detail.

But even assuming the brain takes every bit of it in at 1,000 fps - the theoretical limit to the human nervous system - there is still a limit to what can be seen depending on size, colour, luminosity, distance. You can't for example see a bullet after it's fired from a rifle, but even at twice the speed of sound, at night with a tracer bullet, you can see it. The point is, there are many things that you cannot see because of various factors. It's hard, for example, to follow a fly buzzing around a room, particularly when it's within reach, even though a fly is only capable of flying at speeds of around 5mph, tops. Not being able to see something move does not mean it's faster than light by any means.

Dodging beams

The third common reason people think characters in Dragonball have achieved light speed is because of dodging an opponents attack. There is an assumption made that energy beams travel at light-speed. There is no reason for this at all. A Ki blast has never been said to travel at light speed, what's more, Ki blast speed can be manipulated, such as when Krillin increased the power of his Ki blast against the Saibamen and it was slow (DB #215-216, DBZ Ep 23). Their speed is also affected by gravity when not powerful enough, for example, Goku's Ki blasts struggled to remain in the air in high gravity and came back down to hit him.

If Ki blasts can be different speeds, and nobody knows what exactly Ki blasts are made of, such as light, plasma or some other material, so there is absolutely no reason at all to assume they can travel at the speed of light. Sometimes a cited example of such lightspeed beams is when Piccolo blew up the moon (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YKZ8gNfVpk). But as has been debunked many times, sometimes the manga is cited, which is irrelevant in measuring speed as the pictures do not move and no time is given, so if you want a speed, you have to go by the anime, which takes precisely 3 seconds. The moon is 238,900 miles away, or 1.28 light-seconds. Piccolo's beam travelled at 79,634 miles per second, or 42.7% the speed of light. If anyone were to say that this speed doesn't count because you can't rely on the anime to give display an accurate speed, then that person must also accept this this speed feat could be slower.

All of which proves only that the fastest measured beam in all of Dragonball is less than half of the speed of light, and for a character to be judged to be even as fast as this, ignoring reaction time, needs this beam to be fired from the same distance required to move out of the way of it. The further away the beam is fired than this, the slower the character has to be to be able to dodge it.

It's the Inverse Square Law. Every time you double the distance between the characters, you halve the required dodge speed when the beam remains the same speed. Since almost all of the characters get fired at from greater than close range, and only one was within arms length (Vegeta asked Krillin to do it), even if the beams were light speed, no characters ever have logically been able to dodge at light-speed. Its mathematically impossible.

All of the aforementioned also greatly ignores the fact that Ki users can sense not just the Ki of other Ki users, but their intent, and how much Ki they are building up. In other words, they know whether their opponent is going to attack with Ki or not. There is also movement and stances to be made before the release of the Ki, often with a name of the attack being called. A character can also quite rightly assume that they are indeed the target. These things together mean that characters, like martial artists of all types do, can learn to anticipate their opponents next move and act to counter it to avoid being struck.

Logically, the conclusion of all who are reasonable when looking at these types of events should be that none of them are any kind of evidence that the characters of Dragonball can move at the speed of light.

Krillin and Goku are both timed over 100m by Master Roshi before they commence his training regime (DB #28, DB Ep 16). Krillin is timed to cover the distance in 10.4 seconds. Then Goku crosses the line in 8.5 seconds (second attempt) (8 seconds flat in the English Dub of the anime). Roshi then completes the distance in 5.6 seconds. (Incidently, the same Roshi that competes with Krillin in a tournament bout where the audience can't see what's happening - just sayin).

After Goku finsihes training with King Kai, he gets wished back to life and must make his way back to King Yemma across Snake Way (1 million Km) to meet Kami who can take him back to Earth (DB #212, DC Ep 21). King Kai suggests Goku can make it in two days at his current speed, but he also says the Saiyans will arrive the next day.

Snake Way is 1,000,000km long, and when Goku left King Kai, it seems he expected Goku to go the distance in 2 days at his current speed. This tells us that at this point in time, Goku can shift at 20,833Kmph, or 12,945mph. This seems fair since King Kai has been training Goku, he should know how fast Goku is and how long it would take him.

As we know though, Goku didn't take 2 days. He arrived back to King Yemma the next day, 3 hours and 37 minutes after the Saiyans arrived.

In the Kame House when Goku calls Master Roshi via King Kai, Bulma and Oolong are about to eat, or have just started eating:

A quick google search shows a number of sources stating that lunch times in Japan traditionally run from 11:30am to 1:30pm.

ASSUMPTION 1: If They started lunch at 11:30am and took a further 13 minutes from that point to calling the dragon and wishing Goku back to life, then Goku traversed Snake Way in 27 hours and 37 minutes. I personally dont find this a huge leap. Toriyama specifcally made King Kai mention the "next day" and he specifically mentions times of the day that add another 3 hours and 37 minutes onto the time of arrival of the Saiyans.

But Goku didn't run the entire length. He ran, but he jumped and flew the gaps to take a more direct route and save time.

If Goku did travel at 20,833Kmph, that would mean he travelled a touch over 575,000km in a straight line, meaning an additional 425,000km of distance are in the meanders, loops and undulations of Snake Way.

The alternative is that King Kai knew that Goku would jump and fly between the arcs and across the gaps in Snake Way to take a direct route and thought it would take Goku 48 hours, but it actually took him 27 hours 37 minutes, meaning that Goku is faster than King Kai thought by a substantial margin - by Goku being 74% faster. A small time discrepancy could be expected, but something so large proves that King Kai must have assumed that Goku would follow Snake Way and not take a direct route.

Therefore, Goku's speed at the time he left King Kai after training for the Saiyan was 20,833Kmph / 12,945mph.

There's not a great deal to be gained by looking at the manga here (DB #483), it shows only that SS Gotenks is in the process of completing his 5th time around the Earth. It has no time through which to measure:

The anime on the other hand (DBZ Ep 253) shows Gotenks trajectory around the Earth 9 times in 7 seconds:

I have already argued that the timing of feats is not reliable unless figures are stated because the anime speeds up and slows down the event to make for better viewing. So take 7 seconds with a pinch of salt.

The events that take place are SS Gotenks flying away from the Lookout and into space, flying around the Earth 9 times, coming down to land and taking a nap, being woken by Piccolo and quickly after flying off to face Buu. All of which takes 29 minutes in real-time but only 4 minutes and 6 seconds in the anime.

The anime shows:

• 1m39s from fusing to flying into space
• 7 seconds in space
• 30 seconds to come back into the atmosphere and lie down
• 2m15s until Piccolo comes and Gotenks wakes up
• 30 seconds til Gotenks leaves and Piccolo says he only has a minute left

The fusion only lasts 30 minutes, hence everything happening in 29 minutes. But the above only accounts for a total of 5m01s. Add to that the 1 minute left Gotenks uses up finding Buu and we have 23m59s unaccounted for.

So, was that 7 seconds REALLY 7 seconds?

Well, no.

You see in the clip where SS Gotenks flies around the Earth, the Earth is rotating on its axis. The following pictures show how much the Earth has rotated over the course of that 7 seconds

The rotation of the Earth in these "7 seconds" is equivalent to nearly 2 time zones / 2 hours:

Obviously, with a time limit of only 30 minutes, there was not 1h50(ish)m that went by, but the Earth rotating is no coincidence or representation of art. There are many times the Earth is shown from space in Dragonball and it does not spin. Here are 3 examples from throughout the series:

The Earth being shown to spin is a rare occurrence in Dragonball, rare enough that I couldn't find another, which tells me that this is very intentional. Deliberate to show the passage of time. This means that much more than a simple 7 seconds has passed. How much time passed during this time is impossible to tell, but it's at most 23m59s. But how far did Gotenks travel?

Using the average diameter of the Earth (302.3px = 12,742 km) the distance travelled by Gotenks can be worked out. I took just the middle one of each cluster as a standard, since the three in each cluster are just about the same. The first cluster has a diameter of 18,459.7km. The second cluster has a diameter of 17,448.3km and the third a diameter of 19,386.9km. All of which means that the total distance Gotenks travelled was 521,142.6km or 323,823.8 miles.

I am not happy at having to rely on the show to tell us how long this really took Gotenks by subtracting how long everything else too, having clearly demonstrated that timing events in the anime is unreliable, but it does present a maximum amount of time that the journey around the Earth took, 23m59s. Which means that Gotenks travelled at least 1,303,761.9kmph / 810,122.1mph.

But how does this relate to Piccolo? Does SS Gotenks speed seem reasonable?

At this point in the series, Piccolo is more powerful than Android 18, was equal to Android 17, then entered the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for a year before the Cell Games, in which he is capable of taking on the Cell Jr's:

Then Piccolo continued with 7 years of training to the point of the World Tournament:

Piccolo thinks himself at least close to Dabura after seeing Dabura spit on Krillin and turn him to stone. After base Goku and Vegeta have a quick shot at him, Piccolo says "You're mine!"(DBZ Ep 221) and flies to take him on with his weights on. Goku comments that Dabura is around Perfect Cell level.

So this gives you an idea of how powerful Piccolo is during the Buu saga. Now, when Gotenks rests it takes Piccolo (again using the anime timing) 2m15s to get to him. Even if Gotenks has stopped on the opposite side of the Earth to Piccolo, it would mean Piccolo - who was putting some really effort into catchin up to Gotenks as he was tired - had a speed of 533,735.6kmph or 331,648.8mph, or 41% of SS Gotenks, at absolute best. The likelyhood is though that Gotenks was closer than half way around the Earth.

This is actually fairly reasonable when you consider that in the World Tournament Android 18 was able to go toe-to-toe with SS Trunks and SS Goten at the same time (DBZ Ep 225) and that Piccolo has far exceeded Android 18. Even if you go by the commonly used fan equations for Fusion Dance of 10(A+B), SS Gotenks is around 10-15x stronger than Android 18.

Hit's Time Skip (DB #12-13) has the effect of pausing time for a short time, enabling Hit to move or any against an opponent without them being able to defend against it. When Hit first shows this technique he can use it for 0.1 seconds. By the end of his fight with Goku it's reached over 0.5 seconds. But the effect is lessened when someone is stronger than Hit.

In practical terms, this is really no different to when Guldo of the Ginyu force could pause time by holding his breath. When Guldo wasn't in any problems, he could hold his breath longer, but when he was struggling his air ran out longer. So the stronger Hits opponent is than him, the less time his Time-Skip lasts for, and the less advantage Hit can take of his ability.

In the manga, Goku fights Hit in his base form, Super Saiyan, God form and Super Saiyan Blue. Only after reaching SSG does Goku start eating into Hits Time-Skip time limit. Which at first doesn't make sense because SSB Vegeta lost heavily against Hit. But then Whis explains:

So because Vegeta used SSB against Cabba in their fight to show it off, he seriously reduced its effectiveness later. This is why Goku turns SSG before going SSB. Against SS God, Hit unleashes his full power and equalises once more with Goku, but just as hit looks to take full advantage of his 0.1s, Goku turns SSB and becomes even more powerful, again shortening the length of Hit's Time-Skip.

In the anime, this doesn't happen (DBS Ep 38-40). None of the detail or explanations are present, Hit fights Goku in his base form without using his hands until Goku figures out how to defend against the Time-Skip. After Goku does this Hit takes his hands out of his pockets and fights seriously, then Goku turns straight to SSB and Hit admits to having reached his current limit against Goku's SS Blue. So this is evidence of the fact that Hit is stronger in the anime than he is in the manga, but in the anime Hit is capable of improving his abilities during the match with Goku (DBS Ep39). Krillin notes that:

It's at this point, after Hit has made clear his paraty with Goku and the improved length of his Time-Skip has Goku beat, that Goku uses Kaioken in his SSB form, eventually using Kaioken x10.

This is when the speed feat happens.

In the manga, when Goku is too good for Hits Time-Skip, the Time-Skip is shorter. The Time-Skip stops and Goku is moving again.

Even in the anime, this is what happens, the Time-Skip stops and Goku starts moving again:

This is what happens in both, until Goku goes Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x10:

This is the first and only time that Goku moves inside the Time-Skip. All other times, the Time-Skip ends and Goku continues to move, but not this time, after using Kaioken x10, Goku is somehow moving despite time having stopped.

So what does that mean?

In the real world, according to Einsteins theory of general relativity, the closer you get to the speed of light the more mass you gain and the slower time flows. This continues to the point that photons, packets of light, experience no time from the moment they are created to the moment they finish their journey, they dont age or experience entropy. Time for photons, has stopped.

In comics and other fiction, characters like Superman take advantage of this by increasing his mass to destroy a magical moon, or the Flash and other Speedsters use it for the Infinite Mass Punch. It's quite common in comics to use quasi-physics in this way, but another of these from the Flash, the epitome of a fast character, is that at light-speed time stops:

Faster Than Time:

This is a phase that is often stated about Goku at this point by fans of Dragonball, but it doesn't mean anything at all. Time has no speed to be faster than. Time is one of the things you need to determine speed - the other is distance. Speed, or velocity, is the rate of change of a things position in 3-dimensional space. Saying that something or someone is 'faster than time' is like saying it's 'faster than up'.

Conclusion:

If Goku SSB Kaioken x10 moved fast enough to move inside Hit's Time-Skip, a place that exists when time has stopped, it can only be because Goku has achieved light-speed.

But the Kaioken is unique in Dragonball. It's the only time when a characters Ki, speed, strength etc, all scale at the same rate. A Saiyans Ki may increase by 50x when turning Super Saiyan, but that doesn't mean their speed or strength will increase by 50x. But this is exactly what happens with Kaioken, if Goku uses Kaioken x10, Goku's speed will increase by 10x, and the opposite is also true, whatever Goku's abilities are at Kaioken x10, they are one-tenth of that without Kaioken.